Vehicles on the market Japan: a vibrant market brimming with choices for savvy consumers. From meticulously maintained classics to trendy marvels, Japan’s used automotive scene presents a treasure trove of potentialities. This complete information will illuminate the panorama, serving to you navigate the method with confidence and perception.
This detailed exploration covers all the things from the present market overview and customary varieties of vehicles to the intricacies of the shopping for course of, on-line platforms, and essential elements influencing costs. Import issues, particular fashions, security and reliability, and visible representations may even be addressed, offering an entire image of this distinctive automotive expertise. Put together to uncover the secrets and techniques of the Japanese used automotive market!
Market Overview
The used automotive market in Japan presents an enchanting mix of custom and innovation. A powerful emphasis on high quality and reliability, coupled with a vibrant marketplace for import automobiles, makes it a compelling vacation spot for each home and worldwide consumers. Navigating this market, nevertheless, requires understanding the nuances of pricing, widespread fashions, and market tendencies.Japan’s used automotive scene is characterised by a excessive demand for dependable automobiles.
This demand stems from a tradition of valuing well-maintained vehicles and the prevalence of meticulous maintenance within the Japanese automotive business. Patrons are sometimes attracted by the decrease costs in comparison with new automotive purchases, whereas concurrently in search of vehicles with low mileage and glorious situation.
Frequent Automotive Varieties
The used automotive market in Japan encompasses a variety of automobiles. Widespread decisions embrace compact vehicles, sedans, SUVs, and hatchbacks. Japanese producers constantly rank excessive within the reliability and gas effectivity classes, attracting a loyal buyer base. Imported fashions from different international locations are additionally fairly prevalent, notably people who have confirmed profitable within the Japanese market on account of their design or particular options.
Typical Worth Ranges
Pricing for used vehicles in Japan is closely influenced by a large number of things. Typically, vehicles with low mileage, pristine situation, and fascinating fashions are inclined to command increased costs. The 12 months of manufacture, the make and mannequin, and the general situation all play an important function in establishing a car’s worth. It isn’t unusual to search out automobiles with a historical past of wonderful upkeep fetching a premium.
Widespread Makes and Fashions
Japanese manufacturers equivalent to Toyota, Honda, and Nissan constantly rank excessive by way of reputation and demand. Fashions just like the Toyota Corolla, Honda Civic, and Nissan Sentra are sometimes sought-after on account of their reliability and repute. Import fashions from Europe and the US, particularly these recognized for efficiency and luxurious, are additionally gaining reputation amongst discerning consumers.
Components Influencing Costs
Mileage, situation, and mannequin 12 months considerably influence pricing. A car with low mileage and glorious situation will usually command a better worth. Moreover, more moderen mannequin years typically include up to date options and applied sciences, which might additionally enhance their worth. A historical past of meticulous upkeep and repair data generally is a robust promoting level, typically reflecting on the general worth and desirability of the car.
Worth & Mileage Knowledge
| Automotive Sort | Make/Mannequin | Typical Worth Vary (JPY) | Common Mileage (km) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Compact Automotive | Toyota Yaris | ¥500,000 – ¥1,200,000 | 50,000 – 100,000 |
| Sedan | Honda Civic | ¥700,000 – ¥1,500,000 | 60,000 – 120,000 |
| SUV | Nissan X-Path | ¥800,000 – ¥2,000,000 | 70,000 – 150,000 |
| Hatchback | Mazda3 | ¥600,000 – ¥1,400,000 | 50,000 – 110,000 |
Word: Worth ranges are approximate and might differ based mostly on particular situation, options, and market fluctuations. Mileage figures are averages, and particular person automobiles could deviate from these ranges.
Shopping for Course of
Embarking on the journey of buying a used automotive in Japan requires a meticulous strategy, combining an intensive understanding of the method with a contact of savvy. Navigating the nuances of the Japanese market ensures a clean transaction and a satisfying possession expertise. Understanding the authorized and regulatory frameworks, widespread paperwork, fee strategies, and the distinctions between shopping for from non-public sellers and dealerships is vital to a profitable buy.
Typical Steps within the Buy Course of
The standard course of includes a number of key steps. First, in depth analysis on the goal car is essential. Thorough investigation into specs, options, and market worth is important. Second, figuring out an appropriate car is adopted by arranging a viewing and check drive. Subsequent, a negotiation on worth and phrases is significant, adopted by a complete authorized evaluate.
Lastly, the acquisition is finalized with the required paperwork and fee.
Authorized and Regulatory Features
Japanese automotive legal guidelines are rigorous and designed for security and client safety. Registration, licensing, and insurance coverage procedures should be meticulously adopted. This course of ensures the automotive is legally owned and operated inside Japan’s regulatory framework. Understanding the import/export guidelines, if relevant, can also be very important.
Required Paperwork
Quite a lot of paperwork are mandatory for a clean transaction. These embrace the car’s registration certificates, the vendor’s identification paperwork, and any related upkeep data. Documentation confirming the car’s historical past and any potential points can also be very important. This ensures the transaction is legit and the car’s situation is precisely represented. Proof of fee and insurance coverage particulars are additionally essential.
Strategies of Fee
Money is a standard methodology, however financial institution transfers and bank cards are additionally acceptable. Fee strategies are sometimes negotiated, and the vendor could have preferences. Understanding the fee phrases and situations is significant for a safe transaction.
Non-public Sellers versus Dealerships
Buying from non-public sellers typically gives larger flexibility in negotiation. Nevertheless, it requires a deeper understanding of the authorized and regulatory elements. Dealerships present a structured surroundings with warranties and assist, however negotiations could be much less versatile. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of every strategy is significant in choosing the right path.
| Issue | Non-public Vendor | Dealership |
|---|---|---|
| Worth | Doubtlessly decrease | Doubtlessly increased, however with warranties |
| Negotiation | Extra versatile | Much less versatile |
| Assist | Much less assist | Extra assist (warranties, upkeep) |
| Authorized Features | Requires extra consideration to element | Simplified course of |
Circulation Chart of the Shopping for Course of
(A visible stream chart demonstrating the steps is advisable right here, however can’t be displayed.) This visible illustration would clearly Artikel every step, from preliminary analysis to last fee and registration, facilitating a transparent understanding of the shopping for course of. It is a very important software to make sure a profitable and stress-free buy.
On-line Platforms
Discovering the proper used automotive in Japan generally is a breeze with the correct on-line assets. These platforms supply an unlimited choice, detailed data, and handy communication, making your complete course of smoother and extra environment friendly. Navigating the digital panorama of Japanese used automotive gross sales may be daunting, however these platforms are designed to simplify the search and streamline the acquisition.Japan’s on-line marketplace for used vehicles is flourishing, providing a wide selection of choices for consumers and sellers alike.
This digital house connects potential consumers and sellers, facilitating transactions in a clear and environment friendly method. The evolution of on-line platforms displays the altering dynamics of the automotive market, and they’re an important software for anybody seeking to purchase or promote a automotive in Japan.
Widespread On-line Platforms
Japanese on-line platforms supply numerous instruments and options to boost the used automotive shopping for and promoting expertise. These platforms have developed to supply complete providers, from detailed car descriptions to safe fee gateways. The number of options out there on these platforms permits consumers to completely analysis and examine automobiles, facilitating knowledgeable choices.
- CarFindJapan: A complete platform recognized for its in depth listings. It options detailed car specs, high-quality photographs, and permits for direct communication between consumers and sellers. CarFindJapan prioritizes user-friendliness, with a transparent interface and sturdy search filters.
- AutoTrader Japan: A number one on-line market with an unlimited stock of used vehicles throughout totally different classes and makes. AutoTrader Japan’s robust presence available in the market gives consumers with a variety of decisions and facilitates safe transactions. The platform additionally encompasses a purchaser safety program, offering added peace of thoughts to potential prospects.
- UsedCars.JP: This platform is particularly devoted to used automobiles. It gives a platform for sellers to showcase their vehicles, full with detailed descriptions and photographs. UsedCars.JP is thought for its streamlined search perform and user-friendly interface, catering to each novice and skilled customers.
Platform Options and Providers
These platforms supply a various vary of providers, going past merely itemizing automobiles. These providers assist consumers to make knowledgeable choices and streamline your complete course of. Every platform is designed to supply totally different ranges of assist, from fundamental listings to superior functionalities.
- Automobile Data: Detailed specs, together with mileage, 12 months, make, mannequin, and different related data, are usually out there on these platforms. This complete data empowers potential consumers to check automobiles and make well-informed decisions.
- Safe Fee Gateways: Respected platforms make the most of safe fee processing techniques to guard each consumers and sellers. This function is essential for belief and confidence in on-line transactions.
- Communication Instruments: The power to straight talk with sellers by the platform is essential for negotiation and scheduling viewings. These instruments facilitate seamless interplay between consumers and sellers.
Person Expertise and Interface Comparability
The consumer expertise of those platforms varies. The interface design and search performance affect the general consumer expertise. A well-designed interface could make the method easy, whereas a sophisticated one can hinder the consumer’s journey. Consideration of usability elements is essential for platforms aiming to achieve success.
- CarFindJapan gives a visually interesting format and intuitive navigation. Its search filters are efficient and complete, enabling customers to rapidly slender down their search. Its complete details about every car gives an intensive analysis of the automotive’s particulars.
- AutoTrader Japan encompasses a clear design with a simple interface. The platform’s search performance is very efficient, permitting customers to search out vehicles based mostly on quite a lot of standards. Its consumer opinions typically point out a excessive degree of satisfaction.
- UsedCars.JP is characterised by its easy interface. Its search perform is easy and simple to make use of, permitting customers to search out vehicles that meet their wants rapidly and effectively. The concentrate on used vehicles helps to focus on a selected viewers.
Search Performance
The search performance of those platforms is essential for environment friendly automotive searching. The effectiveness of those platforms relies upon closely on the standard and usefulness of their search features. Clear and concise search choices make the platform extra helpful.
- Superior Search Choices: Platforms like CarFindJapan and AutoTrader Japan present complete search filters, permitting customers to specify standards equivalent to worth vary, make, mannequin, 12 months, mileage, and site. These filters assist customers rapidly find vehicles that match their particular necessities.
- Filtering and Sorting: These options are essential for effectively narrowing down search outcomes. Customers can type outcomes by worth, date listed, or different related standards. This allows a focused strategy to discovering the specified automotive.
Efficient On-line Ads
Efficient on-line ads for used vehicles spotlight key options and entice potential consumers. The visible presentation and clear descriptions are key to success.
- Excessive-High quality Pictures: Skilled and high-resolution photographs showcasing the automotive’s exterior and inside are essential. These photographs present potential consumers with a transparent understanding of the automotive’s situation and options.
- Concise and Correct Descriptions: Clear, concise descriptions outlining the automotive’s specs, options, and situation are important. This allows potential consumers to evaluate the automotive’s suitability based mostly on their wants.
Platform Comparability Desk
| Platform Title | Options | Person Evaluations | Ease of Use |
|---|---|---|---|
| CarFindJapan | In depth listings, detailed specs, direct communication | Typically constructive, highlighting ease of use and in depth choice | Excessive |
| AutoTrader Japan | Giant stock, safe transactions, purchaser safety | Constructive opinions, emphasizing the platform’s trustworthiness | Excessive |
| UsedCars.JP | Devoted to used automobiles, streamlined search, user-friendly interface | Favorable opinions, specializing in easy use | Excessive |
Components Affecting Worth
Used automotive costs in Japan, like wherever else, are a posh dance of things. Past easy mileage, a large number of components form the ultimate asking worth. Understanding these influences is vital for each savvy consumers and sellers.Gas effectivity, security options, and the automotive’s total situation all play an important function in figuring out its market worth. The Japanese market, recognized for its meticulous requirements in automotive upkeep, provides one other layer to the equation.
A well-maintained automotive with a robust service historical past will virtually at all times command a premium.
Gas Financial system and Environmental Requirements
Japanese consumers, more and more conscious of environmental considerations, typically prioritize automobiles with excessive gas financial system. This choice displays Japan’s emphasis on sustainability and effectivity. Producers typically spotlight gas financial system rankings prominently of their advertising and marketing supplies, and these rankings are regularly used as a key metric in purchaser comparisons. For instance, a hybrid or electrical car, with its superior gas financial system, will often command a better worth than a comparable gasoline-powered mannequin.
Security Scores and Options
Security options considerably influence a used automotive’s worth. Japanese customers extremely worth security, reflecting a tradition prioritizing private safety. Vehicles with superior security rankings, equivalent to these awarded by unbiased organizations, are sometimes wanted and command increased costs. Superior security options, like collision avoidance techniques and lane departure warnings, may also add substantial worth to a car.
For example, a automotive with a number of airbags and a excessive security score will typically promote at a better worth in comparison with the same mannequin with out these superior options.
Options and Choices
The presence of fascinating options may also considerably affect a car’s worth. Options like leather-based interiors, navigation techniques, and premium sound techniques, for instance, are thought of fascinating enhancements. The precise options current, and their high quality, can dramatically have an effect on a car’s worth level. A automotive outfitted with these facilities will typically fetch a better worth in comparison with the same mannequin with out them.
Upkeep Historical past and Insurance coverage Data
A clear and well-documented upkeep historical past is extraordinarily essential in Japan’s used automotive market. A automotive with common service data, particularly these from respected dealerships, is very valued. Equally, a clear insurance coverage document may also be a major issue. A car with no main accidents or claims will typically promote for a better worth than one with a historical past of repairs.
Mileage and Situation, Vehicles on the market japan
Mileage is a vital think about pricing. Decrease mileage typically interprets to a better worth, reflecting the perceived higher situation of the car. Nevertheless, the general situation of the automotive, past simply mileage, is paramount. A automotive with minimal put on and tear, no matter mileage, will command a better worth.
Comparability Desk
| Make | Mannequin | Mileage (km) | Worth (JPY) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Toyota | Camry | 50,000 | 2,500,000 |
| Toyota | Camry | 100,000 | 2,000,000 |
| Honda | Civic | 70,000 | 2,200,000 |
| Honda | Civic | 120,000 | 1,800,000 |
Word: It is a simplified comparability; precise costs differ considerably based mostly on quite a few elements.
Import Issues
Bringing a pre-loved journey throughout the Pacific generally is a thrilling journey, but it surely’s essential to know the nuances of Japanese import rules. Navigating the paperwork and potential prices can really feel overwhelming, however a well-informed strategy makes the method far smoother. This part delves into the specifics, offering a transparent roadmap for potential importers.
The Import Course of Overview
The journey of bringing a used automotive from Japan includes a meticulous course of. It isn’t merely a matter of delivery the car; a posh net of rules, paperwork, and potential prices should be addressed. This course of calls for cautious planning and adherence to Japanese and vacation spot nation legal guidelines.
Crucial Paperwork and Documentation
Thorough documentation is paramount. This consists of, however is not restricted to, the car’s title, import declaration types, proof of possession, inspection certificates, and any required permits or licenses. Failing to collect these paperwork appropriately might result in vital delays or rejection of the import.
Potential Prices Related to Importing
A number of elements affect the general import price. Delivery bills, customs duties, import taxes, and potential middleman charges contribute to the full outlay. Pre-purchase inspections and authorized consultations additional add to the funds. It is vital to think about these bills earlier than committing to the import.
Import vs. Home Buy
A comparative evaluation of the prices and advantages of importing versus shopping for a automotive domestically is essential. Whereas importing presents the potential of a wider choice and doubtlessly decrease costs, the related prices and complexities must be thought of. The benefits of a home buy are its simplicity and available after-sales assist.
Laws and Restrictions for Importing Used Automobiles
Japan and different international locations have strict rules governing the import of used automobiles. These rules are sometimes stringent and will differ based mostly on elements just like the car’s age, mannequin, and the importing nation’s rules. Detailed analysis into these rules is important.
Detailed Steps for Importing a Used Automotive
- Thorough analysis into import rules in each the originating and vacation spot international locations.
- Figuring out and choosing a dependable delivery firm specializing in car transportation.
- Acquiring mandatory documentation, together with car title, inspection certificates, and proof of possession.
- Completion of import declaration types and fee of all relevant duties and taxes.
- Arranging for the car’s transportation and clearance by customs.
- Dealing with post-import inspections and registration procedures within the vacation spot nation.
Particular Automotive Fashions
Japan’s used automotive market boasts a treasure trove of dependable and well-maintained automobiles. From the enduring Toyota Corolla to the sporty Honda Civic, a world of choices awaits the discerning purchaser. This part dives deep into common fashions, inspecting their strengths, weaknesses, and potential for revenue.
Widespread Japanese Manufacturers
Japanese automakers like Toyota, Honda, and Nissan are famend for his or her high quality, reliability, and gas effectivity. These manufacturers constantly rank excessive in buyer satisfaction surveys, reflecting their dedication to constructing automobiles that stand the check of time. Their in depth mannequin ranges cater to varied wants and budgets, making them enticing decisions within the used automotive market.
Toyota Fashions
Toyota’s repute for sturdiness is well-earned. The reliability of their automobiles typically interprets to decrease upkeep prices and better resale worth. Fashions just like the Camry, Corolla, and RAV4 have constantly been common decisions, reflecting their mix of practicality and luxury. Completely different generations of those fashions exhibit various technological developments and design aesthetics.
Honda Fashions
Honda, recognized for its sporty and environment friendly automobiles, typically attracts a passionate following. Fashions just like the Civic, CR-V, and Accord are constantly wanted for his or her efficiency, gas effectivity, and interesting driving expertise. The resale worth of those fashions tends to be aggressive. Completely different generations supply various technological enhancements.
Nissan Fashions
Nissan presents a spread of fashions, from family-friendly sedans to highly effective SUVs. The Nissan Sentra, Altima, and Pathfinder have carved out a distinct segment available in the market. Resale values are sometimes depending on the precise mannequin and its total situation. Every technology often options incremental enhancements in know-how and design.
Prime 5 Used Automotive Fashions
This desk Artikels 5 common used automotive fashions in Japan, highlighting their key traits.
| Mannequin | Worth Vary (JPY) | Mileage (km) | Options | Execs | Cons |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Toyota Camry | ¥1,000,000 – ¥2,500,000 | 50,000 – 150,000 | Spacious inside, dependable engine, good gas effectivity | Excessive resale worth, snug journey, sturdy | Could also be barely much less sporty than another fashions |
| Honda Civic | ¥800,000 – ¥2,000,000 | 50,000 – 100,000 | Sporty dealing with, fuel-efficient engine, superior security options | Good efficiency, participating drive, safety-conscious design | Inside house could be lower than bigger fashions |
| Nissan Altima | ¥900,000 – ¥2,200,000 | 60,000 – 120,000 | Spacious inside, snug journey, first rate gas effectivity | Sensible for households, well-rounded efficiency | Resale worth would possibly fluctuate relying on the technology |
| Toyota Corolla | ¥700,000 – ¥1,800,000 | 60,000 – 120,000 | Economical, dependable, and simple to take care of | Wonderful worth for cash, easy upkeep | Won’t have the newest know-how options |
| Honda CR-V | ¥1,200,000 – ¥2,800,000 | 50,000 – 150,000 | Spacious inside, good gas financial system, succesful dealing with | Sensible for households, versatile and secure | Upkeep prices can enhance with newer fashions |
Gas Effectivity and Upkeep
Japanese automobiles are recognized for his or her gas effectivity. This interprets to decrease operating prices and larger environmental accountability. Upkeep necessities differ by mannequin and technology. Maintaining with advisable service intervals is essential to preserving the car’s longevity and efficiency. Common upkeep typically extends the lifespan of the automotive.
Security and Reliability
Japanese vehicles are famend for his or her reliability and security options, typically resulting in a better resale worth in comparison with vehicles from different areas. This enduring repute stems from a mixture of meticulous engineering, stringent security requirements, and a concentrate on long-term sturdiness. Understanding these elements is essential for any potential purchaser on the lookout for a reliable and secure used automotive from Japan.Japanese producers prioritize security of their designs, typically incorporating superior options that improve driver and passenger safety.
This dedication interprets into increased security rankings in unbiased crash assessments, contributing to a safer driving expertise. Evaluating a used automotive’s security and reliability includes a multifaceted strategy that goes past simply the preliminary inspection.
Security Scores and Reliability of Frequent Fashions
Japanese automotive fashions constantly obtain excessive security rankings in numerous worldwide crash assessments. These rankings, mixed with a historical past of dependable efficiency, typically make Japanese used vehicles a sensible alternative. This information is available on-line and sometimes consists of particulars on particular security options like airbags, anti-lock brakes (ABS), and digital stability management (ESC).
Security Options in Japanese Vehicles
Japanese vehicles are sometimes outfitted with a complete array of security options, together with superior driver-assistance techniques (ADAS). These techniques embrace options like lane departure warning, adaptive cruise management, and automated emergency braking, which have gotten more and more normal throughout numerous fashions. A cautious inspection of the automotive’s options can supply perception into its total security.
Evaluating Used Automotive Security and Reliability
Thorough inspection is vital to evaluating a used automotive’s security and reliability. This consists of inspecting the car’s historical past, checking for any accident injury, and on the lookout for indicators of damage and tear. A pre-purchase inspection by a professional mechanic can present worthwhile insights into the automotive’s mechanical situation and potential upkeep wants. Moreover, scrutinizing the automotive’s upkeep data (if out there) is essential for understanding its earlier care and potential points.
Frequent Upkeep Points for Numerous Fashions
Particular automotive fashions could have specific upkeep wants or potential points. Researching these potential issues earlier than buying is essential. For instance, some fashions could be extra vulnerable to sure varieties of engine or transmission issues. On-line boards and communities devoted to Japanese automotive fashions may be glorious assets for uncovering widespread points and potential options. Understanding these will help you keep away from sudden prices and upkeep complications down the road.
Dependable Japanese Automotive Manufacturers and Fashions
A number of Japanese manufacturers constantly reveal distinctive reliability and security. Fashions from Toyota, Honda, Nissan, and Subaru are sometimes cited for his or her longevity and security options. The reliability of those fashions typically interprets into a better resale worth within the used automotive market. Particular fashions inside these manufacturers, just like the Toyota Camry, Honda Civic, Nissan Altima, and Subaru Forester, have earned reward for his or her robustness and security.
Researching particular fashions inside these manufacturers will additional reveal their distinctive strengths and weaknesses. This data can inform your decision-making course of.
Visible Illustration: Vehicles For Sale Japan
Japan’s used automotive market, a vibrant ecosystem of offers and gleaming steel, is greatest skilled visually. From the polished photographs of meticulously maintained automobiles to the bustling scenes of dealerships, the imagery paints an image of a well-organized and reliable system. Understanding the visible cues can considerably improve your expertise in navigating this market.
Typical Used Automotive Commercial
A typical used automotive commercial in Japan typically options high-quality, skilled pictures. These photographs showcase the automotive’s exterior and inside, emphasizing its situation and key options. The pictures often embrace a number of angles of the automotive, highlighting its form, measurement, and total attraction. Clear photographs of the automotive’s inside are additionally important, displaying the situation of the seats, dashboard, and different parts.
The commercial regularly features a detailed record of specs, emphasizing the automotive’s mileage, engine sort, and different technical particulars.
Inside and Exterior of a Used Automotive
The inside of a well-maintained Japanese used automotive usually presents a clear and arranged house. Seats are often in glorious situation, free of great put on and tear. The dashboard is meticulously clear, and the general impression is considered one of care and a spotlight to element. Exterior options, equivalent to paintwork and physique panels, are often in good situation.
Minor scratches or imperfections are sometimes acknowledged, however vital injury is much less widespread.
Automotive Components and Options
Understanding the visible cues of assorted automotive components and options is essential. For instance, a shiny, well-maintained engine compartment suggests cautious upkeep. A transparent view of the automotive’s undercarriage would possibly reveal potential points, equivalent to rust or injury. A well-functioning and clear air-con system is a transparent indicator of correct care. Options like navigation techniques, infotainment screens, and security gear are sometimes prominently displayed in photographs and descriptions.
Japanese Used Automotive Market
A visible illustration of the Japanese used automotive market evokes photographs of organized dealerships, typically that includes rows of meticulously parked vehicles, every with its personal distinctive story. The environment is mostly calm {and professional}, reflecting a robust emphasis on buyer satisfaction and belief. Vivid lighting, well-maintained signage, and useful employees members contribute to a welcoming surroundings. Indicators are sometimes in Japanese, but additionally generally embrace English, making the expertise simpler for worldwide consumers.
Used Automotive Dealership Setting
The environment of a Japanese used automotive dealership is often considered one of professionalism and order. The surroundings is often clear and well-organized, with clear signage guiding guests. Employees members are sometimes courteous and available to reply questions. The whole expertise is designed to instill confidence and belief within the course of. The dealership’s format, showcasing vehicles in a well-structured method, contributes to a constructive and environment friendly shopping for expertise.
